The Detection of Zinc Sulfide in Melted Snow Samples

1967 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 924-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Griffith Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Sulfide ◽  
Melted Snow ◽  
Snow Samples

scholarly journals Influence of the melting temperature on the measurement of the mass concentration and size distribution of black carbon in snow

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1939-1945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Kinase ◽  
Kazuyuki Kita ◽  
Yoshimi Tsukagawa-Ogawa ◽  
Kumiko Goto-Azuma ◽  
Hiroto Kawashima
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Melting Temperature ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Melting Time ◽  
Snow Sample ◽  
Melted Snow ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Snow Samples

Abstract. The influence of temperature and time of snow sample melting on the measurement of mass concentration and size distribution of black carbon (BC) in snow was evaluated experimentally. In the experiments, fresh (Shirouma) and aged (Hakusan) snow samples were melted at different temperatures or at different time lengths, and the BC mass concentration and size distribution in the melted snow samples were measured using a nebulizer and a single-particle soot photometer (SP2). In the experiment where melting temperature was varied, the BC mass concentration in the liquid decreased at a melting temperature of 70 °C. This decrease was 8.0 % for the Shirouma sample and 46.4 % for the Hakusan sample and depended on BC particle size, with a significant decrease found at BC diameters less than 350 nm. A similar decrease in BC mass concentration was found when the Hakusan snow sample that had been melted at 5 °C was heated to 70 °C. The experiment in which melting time was varied indicated that BC mass concentration in the liquid did not change for the Shirouma sample but decreased significantly with a longer melting time for the Hakusan sample (38.6 %). These results indicate that melting of snow samples at high temperatures or over long time periods can significantly affect the measurement of BC mass and its size distribution, especially for aged snow samples.

scholarly journals Influence of the melting temperature on the measurement of the mass concentration and size distribution of black carbon in snow

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kinase ◽  
K. Kita ◽  
Y. Ogawa ◽  
K. Goto-Azuma
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Melting Temperature ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Melting Time ◽  
Snow Sample ◽  
Melted Snow ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Snow Samples

Abstract. The influence of temperature and time for the melting snow samples on the measurement of mass concentration and its size distribution of black carbon (BC) in snow was evaluated with experiments. In the experiments, fresh (Shirouma) and aged (Hakusan) snow samples were melted at different temperatures or time conditions, and BC mass concentration and its size distribution in the melted snow samples were measured with a nebulizer and a single particle soot photometer (SP2). The experiment changing the melting temperature conditions indicated that BC mass concentration in the liquid decreased at high melting temperature of 70 ºC. The decrease was 9.1 % for the Shirouma sample and 42.3 % for the Hakusan sample. This decrease depended on the BC particle size: significant decrease was found at BC diameter less than 350 nm. Similar decrease of the BC mass concentration was also found when the Hakusan snow sample melted at 5 ºC was heated to 70 ºC. The experiment changing the melting time condition indicated that BC mass concentration in the liquid did not change for the Shirouma sample, and that it decreased significantly with longer melting time for the Hakusan sample (37.7 %). These results indicated that the snow sample melting at a high temperature or in a long time can significantly affect the measurement of BC mass and its size distribution, especially for aged snow samples.

scholarly journals Insoluble Particles in the Snowpack of the Ob River Basin (Western Siberia) a 2800 km Submeridional Profile

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1184
Author(s):  
Vladimir P. Shevchenko ◽  
Sergey N. Vorobyev ◽  
Ivan V. Krickov ◽  
Andrey G. Boev ◽  
Artyom G. Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Siberia ◽  
Hydrocarbon Production ◽  
River Catchment ◽  
Ob River ◽  
Insoluble Particles ◽  
Melted Snow ◽  
Natural Archive ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
The City ◽  
Snow Samples

Snowpack exhibits properties that make it a unique natural archive of airborne pollution. The data on insoluble particles in the Ob River catchment (Western Siberia) snowpack are limited. Insoluble particles in the snowpack of Western Siberia were studied at 36 sites on a 2800 km submeridional profile from the city of Barnaul to Salekhard in February 2020. Snow samples were collected over the full depth of the snow core, from the surface of the snow cover to the boundary with soil, except for the lower 1–2 cm. After the filtration of melted snow through a 0.45-µm membrane, the particle composition was studied using a scanning electron microscope with an energy microprobe. In the background areas, the concentration of insoluble particles in the snow was below 2 mg/L. Significantly higher particle concentrations were encountered near cities and hydrocarbon production areas. Particulate matter in snow mainly consists of biogenic and lithogenic particles mixed with anthropogenic particles (ash and black carbon aggregates). The proportion of anthropogenic particles increases near cities and areas of active hydrocarbon production.

scholarly journals Alumina‐Protected, Durable and Photostable Zinc Sulfide Particles from Scalable Atomic Layer Deposition

2021 ◽  
pp. 2009323
Author(s):  
Thomas Lange ◽  
Sven Reichenberger ◽  
Markus Rohe ◽  
Mathias Bartsch ◽  
Laura Kampermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Layer Deposition ◽  
Zinc Sulfide ◽  
Atomic Layer ◽  
Layer Deposition

scholarly journals Assessing recent measurement techniques for quantifying black carbon concentration in snow

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 3771-3795 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Schwarz ◽  
S. J. Doherty ◽  
F. Li ◽  
S. T. Ruggiero ◽  
C. E. Tanner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Single Particle ◽  
Carbon Concentration ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Integrating Sphere ◽  
Recent Measurement ◽  
Atmospheric Sampling ◽  
Careful Assessment ◽  
Snow Samples

Abstract. We evaluate the performance of the Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) and the Integrating Sphere/Integrating Sandwich Spectrophotometer (ISSW) in quantifying the concentration of refractory black carbon (BC) in snow samples. We find that the SP2 can be used to measure BC mass concentration in snow with substantially larger uncertainty (60%) than for atmospheric sampling (<30%). Achieving this level of accuracy requires careful assessment of nebulizer performance and SP2 calibration with consideration of the fact that BC in snow tends to larger sizes than typically observed in the atmosphere. Once these issues are addressed, the SP2 is able to measure the size distribution and mass concentration of BC in the snow. Laboratory comparison of the SP2 and the Integrating Sphere/Integrating Sandwich Spectrophotometer (ISSW) revealed significant biases in the estimate of BC concentration from the ISSW when test samples contained dust or non-absorbing particulates. These results suggest that current estimates of BC mass concentration in snow and ice using either the SP2 or the ISSW may be associated with significant underestimates of uncertainty.

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